Year 2019

December 12 (Dinamalar)

Ambassador's Visit to IFP

December 04 (The Hindu)

Research workshop gets under way at Alliance Francaise


September 11-14 (PAGES - PAST GLOBAL CHANGES MAGAZINE VOLUME 27·NO 2·November 2019)

Holocene land cover and land use in South and Southeast Asia for climate modeling


August 28 (Thinamani) August 28 (Dinamalar) August 28 (The Times of India)

Inauguration of Photo Exhibition day at IFP - World Tourism Day Celebrations 2019


August 24 (The Hindu)

Nataraja idol of Kallidaikurichi, stolen in 1982, set to return


August 13 (New Indian Express) August 15 (The Hindu Business Line)

Creating a Digital History for the Nilgiris (EAP1274 project)

June 13 (The Hindu)

Hunt for hydrocarbons could sink Pichavaram, fear activists

February 11 (The Hindu)

Need for long-term action plan to rejuvenate Kanagan Eri

February 09 (The Hindu Metroplus Chennai)

On the brink of change

February 08 (The Hindu)

Discovering the soul of cities

February 08 (The Hindu Metro Plus)

On the brink of change


February 07 (New Indian Express)

Talk on Town


January 08 (Dinamalar)

Local Food system in Pondicherry


January 07 (The New Indian Express)

Foreigners, locals flock to 3-day long festival to have a taste of Pondy's traditional foods.



Year 2018

December 06 (Dinamalar)

Social Sciences Winter School 2018


December 11 (The Hindu)

Indo-French Social Sciences programme held at PU


September 21 (The New Indian Express)

Going digital to conserve old photograph


September 10 (The Hindu)

P.U in pact with French Institute of Pondicherry to promote research


September 10 (Dinamalar)

Pondicherry University and French Institute of Pondicherry, Signing of Mou to promote research(Tamil)


June 14 (The Hindu)

Bid to bring back the 7 stolen idols from Australia


May 28 (NorthEast Now)

Launch of Assam Biodiversity Portal


April 30 (Dinamalar)

Resources of the IFP

April 25 (The Hindu)

Weaving Technology with Tradition

April 20
Des fromages, des microbes et des hommes (French)
On cheeses, microbes and humans (English)

March 28 (CNRS Images Média - 3 Courts métrages sur les activités de recherches de l'IFP)

3 Short films about the IFP's research activities [English]
CNRS video documentary

La nature indienne sous pression [French]
Département Ecologie


Les Mystérieux manuscrits de Shiva [French]
Département Indologie


Une autre histoire de l'Inde rancontée [French]
Département Sciences Sociales


March 21 (Newsletter)
Newsletter of SOAS - University of London

February 6 (Jain Sites in Tamil Nadu, Launch of the IFP DVD)
The Hindu
The Times Of India
Dinamalar
Dinamani
The New Indian Express 
Vikatan Tamil Magazine


Year 2017


December 16 (The Hindu)
Mobile Application on Pondicherry's Hertiage 

December 5 (The Hindu)

Economists should understand ecosystems

November 23 (The Hindu)

Students’ science skills come to the fore at contest

August 18 (The Hindu)
Poor upkeep of canals blamed for Delta crisis


August 10 (The Hindu)
IGNCA plans regional centre in Puducherry


August 10 (Dinamani)
Agreement between the Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts and the IFP (article in Tamil)


August 10 (The Hindu)
Science forum takes out rally


July 31 (The Hindu)
Pondicherry University to start centre for geomatics


July 19 (The Hindu)
Workshop on research in South Asian studies tomorrow


July 15 (The Hindu)
French National Day celebrated


July 15 (The Times of India blogs)
Stranger than fiction


July 15 (The Hindu)
French it up


June 27 (The Hindu)
The remarkable struggle of a visually-challenged PhD scholar


May 10 (Dinathanthi)
18 Tamil scholars receive "Classical Tamil Scholar" Award from President of India, Pranab Mukherjee (article in Tamil)


May 10 (The Hindu Tamil)
Tamil scholars in language and literature receive "Classical Tamil Scholar" Award from President of India, Pranab Mukherjee (article in Tamil)


April 30 (The Times of India)
Following Chennai, Raj Nivas, lt governor’s residence, open to visitors from May 1


April 24 (The Hindu)
‘Seek technical expertise on maintaining temple tanks’


March 18 (The Hindu)
Chilling evidence of slave trade


March 2 (The Hindu)
Taking history beyond the classroom


March 1 (News 18)
TV report in Tamil about the IFP's collection of palm leave manuscripts


February 25 (The Hindu)
Funding heritage protection a benefit rather than a cost


February 23 (News 18)
TV report in Tamil on the EAP project on the documentation of endangered temple art of Tamil Nadu


February 23 (The Hindu)
Digitising documents of Tamil culture a unique experiment


February 19 (The Hindu)
When Umberto Eco came calling to Puducherry


February 5 (The Hindu)
IFP's second art mission to cover 9 temples


January 27 (The Hindu)
Presidential award for IFP’s Tamil research scholar


January 23 (The Hindu)
Photographs of Jallikattu sculptures preserved by the French Institute (article in Tamil)



Year 2016


December 30 (News Today)
Call for deeper research on Jainism in TN


November 25 (The New Indian Express)
After 2 proposals, steps on for new Smart City project


November 2016 (Cemmalar)
The works of Prof. Y. Subbarayalu, Head of the Indology Department at the IFP (article in Tamil)


November 1 (News 18 TV)
The Valuable Smuggled Statues of Tamil Nadu / The role of the French Institute in locating the stolen artifacts (TV report in Tamil)


October 28 (Dinamani)
The British Library funds for the Research on Ancient Paintings (article in Tamil)


October 28 (Dinamalar)
Research on Temple mural paintings - A pride for the Director of the French Institute (article in Tamil)


October 21 (The Hindu)
Saying it all in Sanskrit


October 18 (The Hindu)
IT firms have changed the game of entrepreneurship


October 15 (Daily News and Analysis (DNA))
Reclaiming our Gods: Why India must reverse the plunder of its artistic heritage


September 26 (Organizer)
Restoring cultural pride


September 23 (Dinamalar)
Recovered Bronze statues handed over to the court (article in Tamil)


September 23 (Dinamalar)
Temple statue in Australia is recovered thanks to the help of French Institute's Archives (article in Tamil)


September 19 (The Hindu)
Australia returns stolen sculptures to India


September 19 (NDTV)
Australia Gallery Returns 2 Sculptures To India


August 27 (The Hindu)
Spotlight on water


August 23 (The Times of India)
Photography biennial to focus on water issues


August 23 (The Hindu)
"Silai Silaiyam Karanamam (issue n°34)" (article in Tamil)


August 22 (Rediff.com)
The American who rescues Indian treasures!


August 20 (The Hindu)
"Silai Silaiyam Karanamam (issue n°33)" (article in Tamil)


August 18 (The Hindu)
"Silai Silaiyam Karanamam (issue n°31)" (article in Tamil)


August 11 (The Hindu)
"Silai Silaiyam Karanamam (issue n°26)" (article in Tamil)


August 10 (The Hindu)
"Silai Silaiyam Karanamam (issue n°25)" (article in Tamil)


August 2 (Scroll.in)
A tsunami of debt is building up in Tamil Nadu – and no one knows where it is headed


July 29 (The Hindu)
"Silai Silaiyam Karanamam (issue n°17)" (article in Tamil)


July 28 (The Hindu)
"Silai Silaiyam Karanamam (issue n°16)" (article in Tamil)


July 19 (The Hindu)
"Silai Silaiyam Karanamam (issue n°10)" (article in Tamil)


July 18 (The Times of India)
Digitisation of temple idols all set to stop smugglers in their tracks


July 5 (Dinamani)
In memory of the past botany scientist (article in Tamil)


June 29 (The Hindu)
Top diplomat bowled over by French institute


June 20 (The Hindu)
Manuscripts of La.Sa.Ra delight admirers


June 12 (The Times of India)
Chasing Ganeshas: Meet the art sleuths bringing India's stolen heritage home


June 8 (The Hindu)
Ganesha idol set to return home


March 30 (The Times of India)
IDs of two more idols in OZ found, time for their return


February 28 (The Hindu)
ASI seeks info on provenance of idols


February 27 (The Hindu)
Exposing gen X to art of photo processing


February 25 (The Hindu)
Workshop to shed light on vintage photography


February 8 (The Hindu)
Fading landscape, arts in spotlight


February 5 (The Hindu)
Puducherry engagements


February 5 (Pharmabiz.com)
CTMR to hold one day workshop on Tamil Siddha Palm Leaf Manuscripts on Feb 7 at Thirunelveli


February 4 (The Hindu)
An apt app to identify Hindu icons


January 31 (The Hindu)
Exploring climate change via prehistory, plants and people


January 29 (The Hindu)
Heritage festival expands in scope


January 29 (The Times of India)
Book chronicles French role in idol hunt


January 29 (The New Indian Express)
Photo archive valuable in preserving Indian heritage


January 28 (The New Indian Express)
French Book Helps Trace Stolen Idol and Art and Arrest of International Trafickers


January 26 (The Times of India)
Sanskrit scholar honoured with Padma Bhushan


January 26 (The Hindu)
‘Recognition for lifetime of work’


January 26 (The Hindu, Chennai)
Awardees happy, vow to rededicate


January 26 (The Indian Express)
Anupam Kher, ex-CAG Rai among Padma awardees


January 26 (The Hindu, Tirupati)
Elation in Chittoor district over Padma awards


January 25 (India Today)
Full list of Padma awardees 2016


January 25 (The Hindu Business Line)
Padma Vibhushan for Rajinikanth, Dhirubhai Ambani, Jagmohan


January 23 (The Hindu)
Hollande to release book on IFP


January 23 (The Hindu)
‘Chola-era idols in U.S. custody belong to Villupuram temple’


January 23 (The Hindu)
3 idols of Tamil Nadu recovered in the US. The French Institute has found the details of the temple. (article in Tamil)


January 3 (The Hindu)
Scholars too flock to Puducherry



Year 2015


December 30 (The Hindu)
A shining diamond of knowledge


December 15 (The Hindu)
Vedas, Agamas in spotlight


December 14 (Pondi Diary)
Pondicherry French Institute agama national seminar


December 14 (The Hindu)
Seminar on Veda and Agama begins today


December 14 (Nyoooz)
Seminar on Veda and Agama begins today


December 14 (The Hindu)
‘Indian children bright, eager to learn’


December 1-15 (UTS' Voice)
Symbol of Knowledge: IFP celebrates its sixtieth anniversary in style


November 29 (Sunday Times of India, Trichy)
DVD documents all ancient Jain settlements across Tamil Nadu


November 19 (The Hindu)
IFP, an institute that provides a unique platform


November 19 (The New Indian Express)
'IFP stands out in an age of violence'


November 19 (Dinamani)
Indo-French cultural cooperation symbol of Pondicherry (article in Tamil)


November 19 (Dinakaran)
Pondicherry exists as an Indo-French connection town (article in Tamil)


November 18 (Pondi Diary)
Short video coverage of the IFP's 60th anniversary celebrations


November 17 (The New Indian Express)
Pondicherry French Institute to celebrate Diamond Jubilee


November 15 (The Hindu)
Celebrating an important repository of knowledge


November 14 (The Pioneer)
Sepia sutra


October 5 (The Hindu)
Climate change threat highlighted


October 5 (The New Indian Express)
India has a major role to play in fighting climate change


September 30 (The Hindu)
French Institute compiles data on Jain temples and inscriptions (article in Tamil)


September 14 (Mylapore Times)
Scholars honoured, at Sanskrit College


September 13 (The Hindu)
French institute documents 459 Jain sites


September 3 (The Hindu)
Sanskrit scholar to get Badrayan award


September 3 (Dinamani)
Sanskrit scholar to get President's award (article in Tamil)


August 29 (The Times of India)
Former head of French Institute Pierre no more


August 29 (The Hindu)
Commemoration for Jean-Pierre Muller


August 29 (The New Indian Express)
Former IFP Boss Muller dies at 69


August 22 (The Hindu)
Click to post spatial data


August 4 (The Hindu)
Spotted an alien species? Shoot and upload


August 1 (The Hindu)
Adding on to an unique repository


July 23 (The New York Times)
The Ultimate Temple Raider?: Inside an Antiquities-Smuggling Operation


July 2015 (Le Trait-d'Union)
The French Art of Evidence (article in French)


July 8 (The Hindu)
Old temple arts: Digital work will be completed soon (article in Tamil)


July 3 (The Hindu)
6.30 crore statue belonging to Ariyalur Shivan Temple recovered from the USA (article in Tamil)


June 11 (The New Indian Express)
Digitisation of French Land records likely


May 2015 (Tirthvandana)
Visit of the Jain Tirthshetra Committee to the IFP


April 28 (The Times of India)
The French art of evidence


April 25 (The Times of India)
Biodiversity portal launches weeklong campaign


March 14 (The Hindu)
Portraits of the past


February 26 (The Hindu)
Studio photography as a mirror of mores


February 26 (The Hindu)
Photo exhibition on Tamil families (article in Tamil)


February 26 (Dinakaran)
Exhibition of old photos


February 24 (The Hindu)
Retelling history through family portraitures


February 22 (Dinamalar)
Workshop on the use of Computer technologies (article in Tamil)


February 19 (The Times of India)
Festival to keep alive Pondy's heritage


February 13 (The Hindu)
Bringing the glorious past of Puducherry to bear on present



Year 2014


December 14 (Dinamalar)
Bharathi Award conferred to Prof. Y. Subbarayalu by the 'Makkal Cintanai Peravai', Erode (article in Tamil)


December 13 (Pondy Times)
Youth likes Kalam


December 11 (The Hindu)
Publishers turn knowledge partners


December 10 (The Times of India)
Kalam moots usage of 'm-libraries'


December 10 (The New Indian Express)
Kalam raises pitch for M-Libraries


December 10 (The Hindu)
Integrate libraries with mobile platforms: Kalam


December 10 (The Hindu - Tamil edition)
Create libraries in houses (article in Tamil)


December 10 (Chennai Sudar)
Abdul Kalam insists on mobile phone libraries (article in Tamil)


December 10 (Dinamalar)
Abdul Kalam insists on mobile phone libraries (article in Tamil)


December 10 (Dinamani)
Cell phones must be linked with libraries (article in Tamil)


December 10 (Dinathanthi)
Creation of libraries in houses (article in Tamil)

December 10 (Dinathanthi)
Creation of libraries in houses (article in Tamil)


December 10 (Dinakaran)
Library facilities in cell phones (article in Tamil)


December 10 (Deshabhimani)
Naclin 2014 (article in Malayalam)


December 10 (Theekkathir)
Create libraries in houses (article in Tamil)


December 9 (www.abdulkalam.com)
Inaugural Address of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam at NACLIN 2014 (full speech)


December 9 (Dinamalar)
APJ Abdul Kalam suggests setting up libraries at homes (TV report)


December 9 (Deepam TV)
Inauguration of Naclin 2014 (TV report)


December 9 (Puthiyathalaimurai TV)
Inauguration of Naclin 2014 (TV report)


December 9 (The Hindu)
Removing barriers between knowledge and users


December 9 (The Economic Times)
APJ Abdul Kalam suggests setting up libraries at homes


December 9 (Jagran Post)
APJ Abdul Kalam suggests setting up libraries at homes


December 9 (Day & Night News)
Kalam suggests setting up libraries at homes


December 9 (Vikatan News)
Mobile phone library : a new thought of Abdul Kalam (article in Tamil)


December 9 (Dinakaran)
Abdul Kalam's request to form a library in every house (article in Tamil)


December 9 (Maalaimalar)
Home libraries kindle interest in children for reading books, says Dr. Abdul Kalam (article in Tamil)


December 9 (Tamil Mithran)
Abdul Kalam to inaugurate Conference on Library uses in Pondicherry (article in Tamil)


December 9 (Outlook)
Abdul Kalam Suggests Setting Up Libraries at Homes


December 9 (Press Trust of India)
Kalam suggests setting up libraries at homes


December 8 (The Times of India)
'Centre plans network of 25K public libraries'


December 8 (The New Indian Express)
600 Public Libraries to Become 'Model' Ones


December 8 (Dinamani)
National Library Conference: Abdul Kalam will be inaugurating (article in Tamil)


December 8 (Dinamalar)
National Library Conference in Pondicherry - Inauguration by Abdul Kalam (article in Tamil)


December 8 (www.oneindiatamil.com)
Abdul Kalam to inaugurate Conference on Library uses in Pondicherry (article in Tamil)


December 7 (Business Standard)
Kalam to inaugurate 17th national convention

November 29 (Pondy Times)
APJ Kalam to inaugurate a convention


November 26 (The Hindu)
Arming libraries with technology


November 25 (The Times of India)
Kalam to open convention on library, information network in Puducherry


November 26 (Zoom Pondy)
NACLIN 2014 Convention: Transforming Libraries in the Knowledge Era


November 24 (The Times of India)
Kalam to open convention on library, information network in Puducherry


November 16 (The Hindu)
Saving temple art from onslaughts of time


November 13 (The Hindu)
Information on south Indian temples on iPads and iPhones (article in Tamil)

November 4 (The Hindu)
Lt. Governor felicitates two Puducherry scholars

October 16 (The Times of India)
Sanskrit text regarded as Latin of South Asia, says Dutch scholar

October 14 (The Times of India)
French, Tamil Nadu scholars bag Prez’s award for work in Sanskrit

September 25 (The Times of India)
Three stolen bronze idols in US may return to India soon, says historian

September 23 (The Hindu)
American officers visit the Pondicherry French research centre (article in Tamil)

September 23 (The New Indian Express)
US team on idol trail studies photographs

September 23 (Dinamalar)
Idols theft in Tamil Nadu temples (article in Tamil)

September 23 (The Times of India)
US team in TN to help restore stolen idols

September 23 (The Hindu)
U.S. team visits Puducherry to collect details of stolen idols

September 14 (The Times of India)
Macro pictures prove Nataraja brought from Australia is original

September 12 (The Times of India)
Home village of idol indifferent to its return

September 10 (The Hindu)
How did the smuggled idols return to India? (article in Tamil)

September 6 (The Hindu)
Return of Chola icons

September 1 (The Hindu)
New technology sheds light on temples

August 30 (The Hindu)
One more feather in Sanskrit scholar’s cap in Puducherry

August 29 (Dinamalar)
An orphan Vinayagar in America (article in Tamil)

August 27 (The Hindu)
Honour for Sanskrit scholar

August 22 (The Times of India)
Digital atlas: History of TN at the click of a mouse

July 21 (Dinamani)
Digitization of one lakh temple statue photos (article in Tamil)

July 6 (The Hindu)
Library convention from December 9

June 24 (The Hindu)
Catching up with some scholarly powwow

June 12 (The Hindu)
Flora get a makeover in botanist’s haven

June 11 (Deccan Chronicle)
Digitisation of photo archives of temples soon

June 9 (The Hindu)
Digitisation of old temple statues: an attempt of the French research institute (article in Tamil)

June 3 (The Hindu)
Manuscripts on the Internet: Revival by the French Institute


April 30 (The Hindu)
Canberra gallery gives up claim on stolen Nataraja


April 30 (The Hindu)
Sripuranthan awaits its Nataraja

April 21 (India Today)
Mistery of the missing Gods


March 24 ("Four Corners" program)
The "Dancing Shiva" (TV documentay)


March 1 (The Hindu)
Stolen Nataraja idol may appear in court as evidence


February 26 (The Hindu)
Demand for water is a derived one


February 26 (The New Indian Express)
Indo-French collaborative water projects in pipeline


February 15 (The Hindu)
"New evidence may help recover idol"



Year 2013

October 15 (The Hindu)
More idols from Tamil Nadu unearthed in U.S.


August 24 (The Hindu)
Stereotypes of labour ingrained in visual art


August 23 (Dinamani)
Workshop on Labour (article in Tamil)


August 22 (The Hindu)
Glimpses of peasants’ revolt


August 22 (Puduvai Qural)
Workshop on Labour, French Institute of Pondicherry & Progressive Writers, Artist Association (article in Tamil)


August 7 (The New Indian Express)
Soon, robust Biodiversity Informatics Network


July 21 (The Hindu)
Temple idol from Tamil Nadu surfaces in Australia


March 26 (Livemint)
Francois Gros | Explorations in classical Tamil


March 4 (Tamil Guardian)
Tamil scholar from France awarded


February 28 (Puthiya Thalaimurai)
IFP Pollen Collection (article in Tamil)



Year 2012


November 30 (The Hindu)
Humility matches his scholarship


November 15 (Dinamalar)
Pollen collection of the IFP (article in Tamil)


November 5 (Deccan Chronicle)
City Sanskrit scholar gets French Honour


October 27 (The Hindu)
Academic pact inked


October 27 (The New Indian Express)
PU, French Univ Sign pact for Cooperation


October 26 (The New Indian Express)
Pondy Univ to sign with French University


October 5 (From the Ivory Tower)
A tale of many cities


October 2 (Livemint)
Rurban India: The new consumer frontier


September 25 (Dinamalar)
Initiate studies on Tamil’s culture (article in Tamil)


July 22 (The Hindu)
The quest for the Suthamalli Nataraja


July 13 (Dinamalar)
'Chevalier' Award conferred to Sanskrit Scholar (article in Tamil)


July 13 (Dinakaran)
Award ceremony at the French Consulate (article in Tamil)


June 15 (The Hindu)
Workshop on census held


June 15 (The New Indian Express)
'Census 2nd Phase Data to be released by Year End


June 15 (Dinamalar)
Population Census seminar (article in Tamil)


May-June (Arts et Métiers du Livre, issue 290)
L'Institut Français de Pondichéry et ses collections patrimoniales (Article in French)


May 9 (Ananda Vikatan)
Come here to know about plants (article in Tamil)


April 24 (The Hindu)
Cholas in all their complexity (Book Review)


March 2 (The Hindu)
Urgent need to improve food security


Year 2011


November 24 (The Hindu)
Workshop explores village judicial practices


August 11 (The New Indian Express)
New initiatives in Tamil Litt to Recreate History


August 11 (The Hindu)
Exploring the ties between literature and history


August 11 (Dinakaran)
Literature and history should work together (article in Tamil)


August 2 (The Hindu)
Students from California struck by 'realism' of India


August 2 (ToutPondi.com)
Anand Pakiam: la voix de l'Institut Français de Pondichéry (Article in French)



Year 2010

December 18 (The Hindu)
Glimpses of the meeting ground of cultures


December 18 (Dinamani)
Workshop on Tamil and Tamil Akam (article in Tamil)


December 13 (The Times of India)
French Institute’s pollen lab turns 50


December 12 (Dinamalar)
Palynology workshop at IFP (article in Tamil)


December 10 (Dinamalar)
Research in Palynology at IFP (article in Tamil)

December 8 (Dinamalar)
Palynology workshop at IFP (article in Tamil)


December 8 (Dinakaran)
Photo news on Palynology Lab Golden Jubilee celebration (article in Tamil)


December 8 (The Hindu)
Palynology laboratory celebrates golden jubilee


December 7 (The New Indian Express)
Palynology Lab at French Institute celebrates golden jubilee


December 4 (The Hindu)
Mission Earth


November 15 (LeMonde.fr)
Avis de tempête dans le monde de la microfinance indienne (article in French)


October 23 (The Hindu)
Indigenous medicine meet raises issues


October 23 (Mathrubhumi Daily)
"Indigenous medicine is undergoing profound transformations in India" - Dr. Laurent Pordié (article in Malayalam)


October 22 (Malayala Manorama)
International conference in Calicut has started (article in Malayalam)


October 22 (Mathrubhumi Daily)
International conference on indigenous medicine begins (article in Malayalam)


October 20 (The Hindu)
University to host meet on indigenous medicine


October 5 (RLHD.TV)
Entretien avec Anand Pakiam, chargé de communication de l’IFP (TV Interview in French)


September 12 (Der Standard)
Gute Reise in die Besserung (article in German)


August 18 (Le Journal du Dimanche.fr)
Le tourisme médical mis en cause (article in French)


August 2 (The Hindu)
A research institute with a focus


July 2010 ("Just Travel" - Kasthuri TV)
Short TV documentary on the French Institute of Pondicherry


June 30 (Deccan Chronicle)
Saiva Siddhanta manuscripts digitised


June 9 (Deccan Chronicle)
Western Ghats trees just a click away now


March 13 (Dinamalar)
MOU with Sankara University, Kanchipuram (article in Tamil)


March 11 (The Hindu)
Just a click will unfold trees in Western Ghats


March 11 (CIRAD)
Le logiciel Biotik doublement récompensé (article in French)


February 26 (The Hindu)
Experts discuss nuances of preserving manuscripts

February 24 (Deccan Herald)
Taking a fresh look at water


January 22 (Dinamalar)
Gateway to a new world - exhibition (article in Tamil)